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1 Introduction

2 Creating and Destroying Objects

　Item 1: Consider static factory methods instead of constructors

　Item 2: Consider a builder when faced with many constructor parameters

　Item 3: Enforce the singleton property with a private constructor or an enum type

　Item 4: Enforce noninstantiability with a private constructor

　Item 5: Avoid creating unnecessary objects

　Item 6: Eliminate obsolete object references

　Item 7: Avoid finalizers

3 Methods Common to All Objects

　Item 8: Obey the general contract when overriding equa]s

　Item 9: Always override hashGode when you override equals

　Item 10: Always override toString

　Item 11: Override clone judiciously

　Item 12: Consider implementing Comparab]e

4 Classes and Interfaces

　Item 13: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members

　Item 14: In public classes, use accessor methods, not public fields

　Item 15: Minimize mutability

　Item 16: Favor composition over inheritance

　Item 17: Design and document for inheritance or else prohibit it

　Item 18: Prefer interfaces to abstract classes

　Item 19: Use interfaces only to define types,

　Item 20: Prefer class hierarchies to tagged classes

　Item 21: Use function objects to represent strategies

　Item 22: Favor static member classes over nonstatic

5 Generics

　Item 23: Don't use raw types in new code

　Item 24: Eliminate unchecked warnings

　Item 25: Prefer lists to arrays

　Item 26: Favor generic types

　Item 27: Favor generic methods

　Item 28: Use bounded wildcards to increase API flexibility

　Item 29: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers

6 Enums and Annotations

　Item 30: Use enums instead of int constants

　Item 31: use instance fields instead of ordinals

　Item 32: Use EnuraSet: instead of bit fields

　Item 33: Use EnumMap instead of ordinal indexing

　Item 34: Emulate extensible enums with interfaces

　Item 35: Prefer annotations to naming patterns

　Item 36: Consistently use the 0ve r ride annotation

　Item 37: Use marker interfaces to define types

7 Methods

 Item 38: Check parameters for validity

　Item 39: Make defensivecopies when needed

　Item 40: Design method signatures carefully

　Item 41: Use overloading judiciously

 Item 42: Use varargs judiciously

 Item 43: Return empty arrays or collections, not nulls

 Item 44: Write doc comments for all exposed API elements

8 General Programming

 Item 45: Minimize the scope of local variables

 Item 46: Prefer for-each loops to traditional for loops

 Item 47: Know and use the libraries

 Item 48: Avoid float and double if exact answers are required

 Item 49: Prefer primitive types to boxed primitives

 Item 50: Avoid strings where other types are more appropriate

 Item 51: Beware the performance of string concatenation

 Item 52: Refer to objects by their interfaces

 Item 53: Prefer interfaces to reflection

 Item 54: Use native methods judiciously

 Item 55: Optimize judiciously

 Item 56: Adhere to generally accepted naming conventions

9 Exceptions

 Item 57: Use exceptions only for exceptional conditions

 Item 58: Use checked exceptions for recoverable conditions and runtime exceptions for programming errors

 Item 59: Avoid unnecessary use of checked exceptions

 Item 60: Favor the use of standard exceptions

 Item 61: Throw exceptions appropriate to the abstraction

 Item 62: Document all exceptions thrown by each method

 Item 63: Include failure-capture information in detail messages

 Item 64: Strive for failure atomicity

 Item 65: Don't ignore exceptions

10 Concurrency

 Item 66: Synchronize access to shared mutable data

 Item 67: Avoid excessive synchronization

 Item 68: Prefer executors and tasks to threads

 Item 69: Prefer concurrency utilities to wait and notify

 Item 70: Document thread safety

 Item 71: Use lazy initialization judiciously

 Item 72: Don't depend on the thread scheduler

 Item 73: Avoid thread groups

11 Serialization

 Item 74: Implement Se ri al i zabl e judiciously

 Item 75: Consider using a custom serialized form

 Item 76: Write readObject methods defensively

 Item 77: For instance control, prefer enum types to readResol ve

 Item 78: Consider serialization proxies instead of serialized instances

Appendix: Items Corresponding to First Edition

References

Index