程爱民、祁寿华主编的《英语学术论文写作纲要（修订版）》编写内容深入浅出，反映了各个学科领域的最新研究成果；编写体例采用国家最新有关标准，力求科学、严谨，满足各门课程的具体要求；编写思想上，除了帮助学生打下扎实的语言基本功外，还着力培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力，提高学生的人文、科学素养，培养健康向上的人生观，使学生真正成为我国21世纪所需要的外语专门人才。

PART I GENERAL FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING

Chapter 1 Academic Writing: An Introduction 3

 1.1 Academic Writing: A Definition 3

 1.2 Characteristics of Good Academic Writing 5

1.2a Good Writing Calls for Critical Reading and Critical Thinking 6

1.2b Good Writing Involves Thoughtful Revision 7

1.2c Good Writing Is Directed Toward an Audience 8

1.2d Good Writing AchieVes a Clear Purpose 9

1.2e Good Writing Expresses Ideas Clearly 9

1.2f Good Writing Pulses with Creativity 10

Chapter 2 Kinds of Academic Writing 12

 2.1 Writing to Summarize 12

 2.2 Writing to Synthesize 16

 2.3 Writing to Explain 19

2.3a Writing to Inform 21

2.3b Writing to Explain Processes 23

2.3c Writing to Explain Concepts 25

 2.4 Writing to Argue 28

2.4a The Logical Appeal 29

2.4b The Emotional Appeal 30

2.4c The Ethical Appeal 30

2.4d Five Basic Components 31

 2.5 Writing to Propose 34

 2.6 Writing to Analyze 36

 2.7 Writing to Evaluate 38

Chapter 3 The Rhetorical Context and Characteristics of Academic Writing 42

 3.1 The Rhetorical Context 43

3.1a Topic or Subject 43

3.1b Audience 44

3.1c Purpose and Role 48

 3.2 Characteristics of Academic Papers 49

PART II PROCESS OF EFFECTIVE ACADEMIC WRITING

Chapter 4 Finding a Topic 55

 4.1 Process of Writing 55

 4.2 Assessing Your Prior Interest and Knowledge 57

 4.3 Narrowing the Topic -- Creating a Good Title 59

 4.4 Techniques for Inventing 61

4.4a Freewriting 62

4.4b Brainstorming 63

4.4c Branching 64

4.4d Cubing 64

4.4e Questioning or Journalistic Formula 66

 4.5 Generating New Ideas by Critical Reading 67

Chapter 5 Researching the Topic 69

 5.1 Field Research 70

5.1a Observing 71

5.lb Interviewing 73

5.lc Using Questionnaire 75

 5.2 Library Research 80

5.2a Library Sources and Materials 80

5.2b Taking Notes 88

 5.3 Internet Research 89

 5.4 Keeping Track of Your Research 92

 5.5 A Six-Step Approach to Research 94

Chapter 6 Outlining 98

 6.1 The Structure of a Paper 98

 6.2 Sorting Out Your Notes and Other Materials 101

 6.3 Outlining 101

6.3a Draft Outline 102

6.3b Formal Outline 103

6.3c Two Commonly Used Patterns of Formal Outlines 105

 6.4 Formulating the Thesis Statement 108

Chapter 7 Drafting, Revising, Editing and Proofreading  111

 7.1 Drafting 111

 7.2 Revising 114

7.2a Revising for Content and Organization- Macro-revision 115

7.2b Revising for Details ~ Micro-revision 116

 7.3 Final Editing and Proofreading 122

PART III STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE ACADEMIC WRITING

Chapter 8 Organizing the Paper 127

 8.1 Five Basic Organizational Patterns 129

8.1a General-to-Specific/Abstract-to-Concrete 129

8.lb Specific-to-General/Concrete-to-Abstract  132

8.1c Order of Importance 134

8.1d Chronological Order 135

8.1e Spatial Order 136

8.1f Other Organizational Patterns 138

 8.2 Introduction 139

8.2a Narrative 140

8.2b Descriptive 141

8.2c Preparatory 143

8.2d Corrective 145

8.2e Inquisitive 146

8.2f Stating a Problem 147

8.2g Giving a Surprising Fact or Statistics 148

8.2h Using a Striking Quote 150

 8.3 Conclusion 150

8.3a Restating the Main Points 151

8.3b Referring Back to the Thesis (and the Introduction) 151

8.3c Suggesting a Solution, Further Study, or Predicting an Outcome 152

8.3d Giving a Humorous Comment or Unexpected Twist 152

8.3e Using a Striking or Memorable Quote 153

Chapter 9 Strategies for Development 155

 9.1 Definition 156

9.1a Sentence Definition 157

9.1b Extended Definition 158

9.1c Historical Definition 158

9.1d Stipulative Definition 159

 9.2 Classification 160

9.2a Choosing the Principle(s) to Classify 161

9.2b Testing the Effectiveness 162

9.2c Explaining Each Subgroup 164

 9.3 Example 166

9.3a Relevant Examples 167

9.3b Specific Examples 168

9.3c Sufficient Examples 169

 9.4 Comparison and Contrast 170

9.4a Points for Comparing and Contrasting 170

9.4b Two Ways for Organizing Comparison and Contrast 172

9.4c Transitional Words and Phrases 175

 9.5 Cause and Effect 176

9.5a Distinguishing Between Cause and Effect 176

9.5b Necessity, Sufficiency, and Mill's Methods 179

9.5c Organizing Cause and Effect Analysis 181

9.5d Transitional Words and Phrases for Cause-and-Effect Analysis 186

 9.6 Generalization 186

  9.7 Visual Elements 187

Chapter 10 Use of Sources and Documentation 189

 10.1 Importance of Using and Documenting Sources 189

 10.2 Three Ways to Use Sources 190

 10.3 Styles of Documentation 193

 10.4 MLA Style 194

10.4a In-text Citation 194

10.4b Explanatory Notes 196

10.4c List of Works Cited 196

 10.5 APA Style 202

10.Sa In-text Citation 203

10.5b Explanatory Notes 204

10.5c List of References or Bibliography 204

 10.6 中文参考文献格式 210

Appendix: Sample Student Academic Writings 211

Works Cited and Consulted 263