CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART MATERIALS/1
1.1 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS/2
1.2 SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS/4
1.3 ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS/7
1.4 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS/8
1.5 ELECTRO-AND MAGNETO-RHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS/9
1.6 POLYELECTROLYTE GELS/11
1.7 PYROELECTRIC MATERIALS/12
1.8 OPTO-ELECTRO/MAGNETO MATERIALS/13
1.8.1 Photostrictive Materials/13
1.8.2 Photoferroelectric Materials/15
1.8.3 Magneto-optical Materials/16
1.9 SUMMARY/17
REFERENCES/19
CHAPTER 2 PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES/27
2.1 PIEZOELECTRIC CONTINUA/28
2.1.1 Distributed Sensing and Vibration Controls/29
2.1.2 Remarks/30
2.2 MULTIPURPOSE SENSORS/31
2.2.1 A Multipurpose Tactile/Acceleration Sensor System/31
2.2.2 Piezoelectricity in a Thick Polymeric PVDF Flat/32
2.2.3 Tactile Response of Polymeric PVDF/34
2.2.4 Design of Polymeric PVDF Tactile Sensors/34
2.2.5 Modeling of the Polymeric Piezoelectric PVDF Sensor/35
2.2.6 Damping Estimation/38
2.2.7 Experimentation/38
2.2.8 Results and Disscusions/40
2.2.9 Summary/45
2.3 HIGH-PRECISION MICRO-ACTUATION/45
2.3.1 A Piezoelectric Bimorph Micro-displacement Actuator/45
2.3.2 Design Concept/47
2.3.3 Piezoelectric Bimorph Theory/47
2.3.4 Finite Element Development/50
2.3.5 Laboratory Experiments/53
2.3.6 Results and Discussions/53
2.3.7 Summary/55
2.4 DUAL-PURPOSE MICRO-ISOLATOR/EXCITER/56
2.4.1 Theoretical Formulation/57
2.4.2 Piezoelectric Exciter/59
2.4.3 Active Vibration Isolation/60
2.5 EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION--PROTOTYPE MODEL 761
2.5.1 Piezoelectric Exciter/61
2.5.2 Results and Discussions/62
2.5.3 Summary/64
REFERENCES/65
APPENDIX: EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL DATA/71
CHAPTER 3 SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS AND DEVICES/72
3.1 BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTAL CONCEFFS/72
3.1.1 Characteristics of Shape Memory Materials/72
3.1.2 Crystal Transformation/73
3.1.3 Shape Memory Effect/73
3.1.4 Detailed Electro-thermo-elastic Behavior/74
3.2 DEVICES USING SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS/75
3.2.1 Automotive Applications/76
3.2.2 Aerospace and Aviation/77
3.2.3 Mechanical Devices/78
3.2.4 Medical Applications/79
3.2.5 Bioengineering/81
3.2.6 Common Household/81
3.2.7 Robotics/82
3.2.8 Electronics/83
3.2.9 Consumer Products/83
3.2.10 Developing Application Guidelines/84
3.2.11 Limitations of SMA's/85
3.3 NEW APPLICATIONS/85
3.3.1 Shape Memory Alloys in "Fun" Applications/86
3.3.2 Future Applieations/87
3.3.3 Summary/88
REFERENCES/88
CHAPTER 4 ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS AND DEVICES/90
4.1 ELECTROSTR1CTION OF MATERIAL/90
4.2 COMPARISON BETWEEN ELECTROSTRICS AND PIEZOELECTRICS/93
4.3 MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE/94
4.4 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSTRICTIVE MATERIALS/97
4.4.1 Actuators/97
4.4.2 Ultrasonic Applications/103
4.4.3 Capacitors/104
4.4.4 Discussions/106
4.4.5 New Horizons/107
4.5 SUMMARY/108
REFERENCES/109
CHAPTER 5 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE MATERIALS AND DEVICES/110
5.1 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE PROPERTIES/110
5.2 MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DEVICES/11l
5.2.1 Magnetostrictive Core Line Hydrophone/111
5.2.2 Rare Earth Flextensional Transducer/112
5.2.3 Magnetostrictive Alloys for Hydraulic Valve Control/113
5.2.4 Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducer/113
5.2.5 Spherical Membrane Omnidirectional Loudspeaker/114
5.2.6 Self-biased Modular Magnetostrictive Driver and Transducer/115
5.2.7 Magnetostrictive Roller Drive Motor/116
5.2.8 Low Frequency Sound Transducer/117
5.2.9 Giant Magnetostrictive Alloy (GMA)/118
5.2.10 Temposonics-II Magnetostrictive Sensor/119
5.2.11 Magnetostrictive Clamp/120
5.2.12 Magnetostrictive Transducer for Logging Tool/121
5.3 APPLICATIONS/122
5.3.1 Actuators/122
5.3.2 Magnetostrictive Linear Displacement Transducer/123
5.3.3 High Pressure Pump/124
5.3.4 Magnetostrictive Shaker/125
5.3.5 Antivibration Systems/125
5.3.6 Linear Motors/125
5.3.7 Underwater Communication Equipment/126
5.3.8 Liquid Level Sensor/126
5.3.9 Rotational Vibration Sensor/127
5.3.10 Laves Phase Sensor/127
5.3.11 Human Spinal Monitoring Sensor/128
5.3.12 Human Body Sensor/128
5.4 SUMMARY/128
REFERENCES/130
CHAPTER 6 ER AND MR FLUIDS WITH DEVICES/132
6.1 PROPERTIES OF ER FLUID/132
6.2 APPLICATIONS OF ER FLUID/133
6.2.1 Shock Absorbers/133
6.2.2 Car Suspension Systems/134
6.2.3 Engine Mounts/135
6.2.4 Clutches/136
6.2.5 Monotube Dampers/137
6.2.6 Artificial Limbs/138
6.2.7 Possible Future Uses/139
6.2.8 Summary/139
6.3 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID/139
6.4 APPLICATIONS OF MR FLUID/142
6.4.1 Shock Absorbers/142
6.4.2 Dampers and Engine Mounts/144
6.4.3 Brake System/145
6.4.4 Clutches and Couplings/145
6.4.5 Valves and Compression Seals/146
6.4.6 Motors and Pneumohydraulic Drives/146
6.4.7 Heat Transfer Control/146
6.5 DISCUSSIONS AND SUMMARY/147
REFERENCES/148
CHAPTER 7 POLYMERIC GELS AND DEVICES/149
7.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYMERIC GELS/149
7.2 APPLICATIONS/151
7.2.1 Fiber Bundles for Artificial Muscles/151
7.2.2 Dimethylformamide and Dimethylsulphoxide Polymer Films/152
7.2.3 Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes (IPEC)/152
7.2.4 Ionic Polymeric Drug Delivery System/152
7.2.5 Artificial Cornea/153
7.2.6 Synthetic Scleral Reinforcement Materials for Surgical Use/154
7.2.7 Biomedical Polymers/155
7.2.8 Molecular Biosensor/155
7.2.9 Polymeric Membrane/156
7.2.10 Polymer Blends/157
7.2.11 Synthetic Polymeric Gels/157
7.2.12 Osmosis Polymeric Membrane/158
7.2.13 ETFE (Polyethylene Tetrafluoroethylene) Microporous Polymeric Membrane/158
7.2.14 Integrated Force Arrays (IFA)/159
7.2.15 Polypyrrole, Poly-N-methylpyrrole, Ply-5-carboxyindole and Polyaniline/160
7.2.16 Material : Polyaniline Film, Polyaniline-polyarbonate (PAn-PC) Film/160
7.2.17 Poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(sodium acrylate) Composite Gel (PVA-PAA Gel)/162
7.3 DISCUSSIONS AND SUMMARY/164
REFERENCES/166
CHAPTER 8 PYROELECTRIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES/167
8.1 PYROELECTRICITY AND FUNDMENTAL THEORY/167
8.1.1 Pyroelectrieity/167
8.1.2 Theory/169
8.2 OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF PYROELECTRICS/172
8.2.1 Materials/173
8.2.2 Infrared Ear Thermometer/174
8.2.3 Optical Wavegnides/175
8.2.4 Mieroehannel Anemometer/176
8.2.5 Determination of Directional Emissivity of Opaque Materials (300 - 600K)/177
8.2.6 Security/177
8.3 PYROELECTRIC APPLICATIONS/177
8.3.1 Sensors/178
8.3.2 Detectors/183
8.4 FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF PYROEI,ECTRIC MATERIALS/186
8.4.1 Biomedical/187
8.4.2 Military/187
8.4.3 Manufacturing/187
8.5 SUMMARY/187
REFERENCES/188
CHAPTER 9 PRECISION SENSOR SYSTEMS/190
9.1 DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCERS/190
9.1.1 Potentiometric and Strain Gage Position Transducers/190
9.1.2 Strain Gage Displacement Transducers/193
9.1.3 Linear Variable Differential Transformer/194
9.1.4 Inductive Proximity Probe Displacement Measurement Systems/198
9.2 VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS AND SYSTEMS/200
9.2.1 Linear Velocity Transducers/200
9.2.2 Rotary Velocity Transducer/202
9.3 ACCELERATION TRANSDUCERS AND SYSTEMS/205
9.3.1 Strain Gage Aceelerometers/208
9.3.2 Piezoelectric Accelerometers/212
9.3.3 Charge Amplifier Signal Conditioning/216
9.3.4 Voltage Amplifier Signal Conditioning/218
9.4 FORCE AND TORQUE TRANSDUCERS/219
9.4.1 Strain Gage Load Cells/220
9.4.2 Column Member Load Cell/220
9.4.3 Cantilever Beam Load Cell/222
9.4.4 Ring Member Strain Gage Load Cell/223
9.5 TORQUE MEASUREMENT TRANSDUCERS/224
9.6 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS/228
9.6.1 Strain Gage Transducers/230
9.6.2 Piezoelectric Pressure Transducers/231
9.6.3 Effect of Transmission Lines on Measurement of Pressure/231
9.6.4 Short Transmission Lines/232
9.6.5 Long Transmission Lines/233
APPENDICES/235
APX. 1 DEFINITIONS/235
APX. 2 LINEAR PIEZOELECTRICITY RELATIONS/235
APX. 3 ELASTIC, PIEZOELECTRIC AND DIELECTRIC RELATIONS/236
