Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Basic Requirements
1.1.1 Reliable Mechanics Performance
1.1.2 High Unit Throughput
1.1.3 Low Wasting Coefficient
1.1.4 Easy to Fabricate
1.1.5 Transport and Installation
1.1.6 Operation Performance
1.2 Pressure Vessel Classification
1.2.1 Types of Reactors
1.2.2 Cryogenic Storage Tanks
Chapter 2 Pressure Vessel Loads and Stress Categories
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Design Pressure
2.3 Dead Loads
2.4 Wind Loads
2.5 Earthquake Loads
2.5.1 General Considerations
2.5.2 Seismic Design of a Rigid Cylindrical Vessel
2.5.3 Seismic Design of Flexible Tall Cylindrical Vessels
2.5.4 Design Considerations
2.6 Design Temperature
2.7 Piping Loads
2.8 Combinations of the Design Loads
2.9 Stress
2.10 Stress Categories
2.11 Strain and Stress-strain Diagrams
2.11.1 Stress-Strain Curve
2.11.2 Engineering Stress-Strain Curve
2.11.3 Tensile Strength
2.12 Reading Material
2.12.1 Measures of Yielding
2.12.2 Measures of Ductility
2.12.3 Stress and Strain Analysis
Chapter 3 Membrane Stresses and Minimum Code Strength Calculations
3.1 General Theory of Membrane Stresses in Vessels under Internal Pressure
3.2 Membrane Stress Analysis of Thin-shell Elements
3.2.1 Cylindrical Vessel under Internal Pressure
3.2.2 Spherical Vessel under Internal Pressure
3.2.3 Conical Vessel under Internal Pressure
3.2.4 Ellipsoidal Vessel under Internal Pressure
3.3 Shell-to-head Juncture Stresses
3.3.I Poisson's Ratio
3.3.2 Dilation of Pressure Vessels
3.3.3 Discontinuity Stresses in Vessels
3.4 Minimum Code Strength Calculations
3.4.1 Allowable Pressure
S.4.2 Allowable Stress
3.4.3 Safety Factor
3.4.4 Shells
Chapter 4 Heat Exchangers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Heat Exchangers
4.2.1 Classification by Heat Transfer Manner
4.2.2 Classification of Transfer Type by Mechanical Structure
4.3 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
4.3.1 Components
4.3.2 Types of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
4.4 Choosing a Heat Exchanger
4.4.1 Fouling
4.4.2 Maintenance of Heat Exchangers
Chapter 5 Tower
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Packed Towers
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Kinds of Packing
5.2.3 Internals
5.3 Tray Towers
5.3.1 Counter-current Towers and Cross-current Towers
5.3.2 Sieve Trays
5.3.3 Valves Trays
5.3.4 Bubblecap Tray
5.3.5 Other Types
5.3.6 Internals
5.3.7 Abnormal Operation Conditions
5.4 Design of Tall Cylindrical Self-Supporting Process Columns
5.4.1 Introduction
5.4.2 Shell Thickness Required For a combination of Design Loads
5.4.3 Support Skirts
5.4.4 Anchor Bolts
5.4.5 Wind-induced Vibrations
Chapter 6 Construction Materials, Welding, and
Nondestructive Testing
6.1 Steel Alloys
6.l.1 The Classification of Carbon Steels
6.1.2 Effects of Elements on Steel
6.2 Stainless Steels
6.2.1 The Classification of Stainless Steels
6.2.2 Selecting a Stainless Steel
6.3 ASME Code Material Requirements
6.4 Joining by Welding
6.4.1 Welding Calculations ~
6.4.2 Types of Welding
6.4.3 Weld Failure
6.5 Nondestructive Testing
Chapter 7 Failure Analysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metal Fatigue Failures
7.2.1 Fatigue Failures
7.2.2 Stress Ratio
7.2.3 Preventing Fatigue Failure
7.2.4 Fatigue Failure Analysis
7.8 Corrosion Failures
7.3.1 Uniform Corrosion
7.3.2 Pitting Corrosion
7.3.3 Crevice Corrosion
7.3.4 Stress Corrosion Cracking
7.4 Creep and Stress Rupture
7.5.1 Creep of Metals
7.4.2 Stress Rupture
7.4.3 Failure Analysis
7.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement Failures
7.5.1 Hydrogen Embrittlement
7.5.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement Failures
7.6 Ductile and Brittle Failures
7.6.1 Ductile and Brittle Metal Characteristics
7.6.2 Brittle Fractures
7.6.3 Ductile Fractures :,:.
7.7 Residual Stresses
7.8 Wear Failures
7.9 Fastener Failures
7.10 Pressure vessel and Pressure Piping Failure
7.10.1 Pressure Vessel Failure Analysis
7.10.2 Failures of Pipelines
7.10.3 Boiler Failures
7.10.4 Failures of Heat Exchangers
7.11 General Failure Analysis Procedure
Abbreviations and Symbols
The U.S.Customary System of Measures
References
